Uganda is already vulnerable to extreme weather events in the form of floods and droughts due to natural resource degradation. The Ugandan Agricultural Census (UBOS) reported that about 7 percent of the total of 5.95 million agricultural households was prone to flooding, landslides and drought due to poor unsustainable land use management practices, that increased food insecurity to farmers and loss of revenue to the government.
The vulnerability resides in dependent communities on ecosystems to provide goods and services especially women, youth indigenous people and pastoralists. As a result, vulnerability is more visible among the dependent communities with limited knowledge, information and skills of nature-based conservation, climate change adaptation and mitigation which make them more vulnerable to the shocks averse to climatic events such as; drought, floods and landslides.
The Mpanga landscape where the project will be implemented consist of Kabarole district and fort portal City. It is well known for its rich biodiversity ecosystem classified as Important area and is one of the hot spot biodiversity areas as recognized by Conservation International. The landscape hosts river Mpanga river, one of the largest rivers in the region which feeds Lake Edward and with a major wetland system associated with its delta along Lake Edward.  
The Mpanga landscape and its catchment area natural environment & biodiversity has witnessed a changing ecosystem dynamics and production loss due to human induced activities. In addition, pressure on natural resource use has led to shift in habitants which has impacted on its biodiversity and agro ecological systems. With the population heavily reliant on natural resources to meet basic needs, has put unprecedented pressure on land and water resources that leads to climate change effects on self-regulatory services of those ecosystem functions that includes water infiltration, landslide regulation and soil erosion control or water purification. 
In addition, an increase in unsustainable cropping practices that is characterized by traditional farming methods, limited. Innovation, knowledge and capacity to enable them to effectively plan and implement measures has increased the risk of communities' vulnerability to climate change with associated impact, which the project intends to address in strengthening their resilience.